1. Remote/technical
2. Onsite/visual – mapping and photography – systematic observation with pre-determined checklist is most effective
3. Expert measurements and testing – water testing, identifying disease vectors etc
4. Surveys – involves establishing technique (sampling method e.g. cluster or systematic), implementing (can involve training and mobilizing community), and analyzing data
5. Interviews: formal leadership structures, key informants, general groups, focus groups, households and individuals, community forum

Nominal group process technique and Delphi technique could be used with focus groups, general groups or community forum)